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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
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12 Months Ended | ||||||||||||
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Jan. 31, 2013
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| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||||||||
| Revenue Recognition |
The Company's revenue is principally derived from advertising services and subscription fees. The Company recognizes revenue when: (1) persuasive evidence exists of an arrangement with the customer reflecting the terms and conditions under which products or services will be provided; (2) delivery has occurred or services have been provided; (3) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (4) collection is reasonably assured. For all revenue transactions, the Company considers a signed agreement, a binding insertion order or other similar documentation to be persuasive evidence of an arrangement. Advertising Revenue. The Company generates advertising revenue primarily from display, audio and video advertising. The Company generates the majority of its advertising revenue through the delivery of advertising impressions sold on a cost per thousand, or CPM, basis. In determining whether an arrangement exists, the Company ensures that a binding arrangement, such as an insertion order or a fully executed customer-specific agreement, is in place. The Company generally recognizes revenue based on delivery information from its campaign trafficking systems. The Company also generates advertising revenue pursuant to arrangements with advertising agencies and brokers. Under these arrangements, the Company provides the agencies and brokers the ability to sell advertising inventory on the Company's service directly to advertisers. The Company reports this revenue net of amounts due to agencies and brokers because the Company is not the primary obligor under these arrangements, the Company does not set the pricing, and does not establish or maintain the relationship with the advertisers. Subscription and Other Revenue. The Company generates subscription services revenue through the sale of access to a premium version of Pandora internet radio, or Pandora One. Subscription revenue derived from direct sales to listeners is recognized on a straight-line basis over the duration of the subscription period. Subscription revenue derived from sales through some mobile operating systems may be subject to refund or cancellation terms which may affect the timing or amount of the subscription revenue recognition. When refund rights exist, the Company recognizes revenue when the service has been provided and the rights lapse or when sufficient transaction history has been developed to estimate a reserve. As of January 31, 2013, the Company had deferred revenue of approximately $5.1 million related to refund rights. Until September 2011, a small portion of subscription revenue was also generated from usage-based fees when a listener who did not have access to a premium version of the Pandora service reached a maximum number of listening hours on traditional computers in a given month. The listener was required to pay a nominal fee to continue the advertising-supported listening experience on traditional computers for the remainder of the month. Revenue from usage based fees was recognized in the month the maximum number of listening hours was exceeded. In September 2011, the Company effectively eliminated the 40 hour per month listening cap on desktop and laptop computers by increasing the cap to 320 hours of listening per month, which almost none of our listeners exceed. Deferred Revenue. Deferred revenue consists of both prepaid but unrecognized subscription revenue and advertising fees received or billed in advance of the delivery or completion of the services or in instances when revenue recognition criteria have not been met. Deferred revenue is recognized when the services are provided and all revenue recognition criteria have been met. When refund rights exist, the Company recognizes revenue when the rights lapse or when sufficient transaction history has been developed to estimate a reserve. Multiple-Element Arrangements . The Company enters into arrangements with customers to sell advertising packages that include different media placements or ad services that are delivered at the same time, or within close proximity of one another. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2011, because the Company had not yet established the fair value for each element and the Company's agreements contained mid-campaign cancellation clauses, advertising sales revenue was recognized as the lesser of (1) revenue calculated on a time-based straight-line basis over the term of the contract, (2) revenue calculated on a proportional performance basis, based on an average CPM rate for the entire campaign multiplied by the number of impressions delivered to date, and (3) revenue earned on the delivered media and price as specified on the applicable insertion order. Beginning on February 1, 2011, the Company adopted new authoritative guidance on multiple element arrangements, using the prospective method for all arrangements entered into or materially modified from the date of adoption. Under this new guidance, the Company allocates arrangement consideration in multiple-deliverable revenue arrangements at the inception of an arrangement to all deliverables or those packages in which all components of the package are delivered at the same time, based on the relative selling price method in accordance with the selling price hierarchy, which includes: (1) vendor-specific objective evidence ("VSOE") if available; (2) third-party evidence ("TPE") if VSOE is not available; and (3) best estimate of selling price ("BESP") if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. VSOE. The Company determines VSOE based on its historical pricing and discounting practices for the specific product or service when sold separately. In determining VSOE, the Company requires that a substantial majority of the selling prices for these services fall within a reasonably narrow pricing range. The Company has not historically priced its advertising products within a narrow range. As a result, the Company has not been able to establish VSOE for any of its advertising products. TPE. When VSOE cannot be established for deliverables in multiple element arrangements, the Company applies judgment with respect to whether it can establish a selling price based on TPE. TPE is determined based on competitor prices for similar deliverables when sold separately. Generally, the Company's go-to-market strategy differs from that of its peers and its offerings contain a significant level of differentiation such that the comparable pricing of services cannot be obtained. Furthermore, the Company is unable to reliably determine what similar competitor services' selling prices are on a stand-alone basis. As a result, the Company has not been able to establish selling price based on TPE. BESP. When it is unable to establish selling price using VSOE or TPE, the Company uses BESP in its allocation of arrangement consideration. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which the Company would transact a sale if the service were sold on a stand-alone basis. BESP is generally used to allocate the selling price to deliverables in the Company's multiple element arrangements. The Company determines BESP for deliverables by considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, prices it charges for similar offerings, market conditions, competitive landscape and pricing practices. The Company limits the amount of allocable arrangement consideration to amounts that are fixed or determinable and that are not contingent on future performance or future deliverables. The Company regularly reviews BESP. Changes in assumptions or judgments or changes to the elements in the arrangement may cause an increase or decrease in the amount of revenue that the Company reports in a particular period. The Company recognizes the relative fair value of the media placements or ad services as they are delivered assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met. |
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| Concentration of Credit Risk |
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and trade accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents with domestic financial institutions of high credit quality. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of all of such institutions. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of customers to assess the probability of accounts receivable collection based on a number of factors, including past transaction experience with the customer, evaluation of their credit history, and review of the invoicing terms of the contract. The Company generally does not require collateral. The Company maintains reserves for potential credit losses on customer accounts when deemed necessary. Actual credit losses during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were not significant. For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 the Company had no customers that accounted for 10% or more of total revenue. As of January 31, 2012 and 2013 there were no customers that accounted for 10% or more of the Company's total accounts receivable. |
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| Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments |
The Company classifies its highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase as cash equivalents. The Company's short-term investments consist of commercial paper, corporate debt securities and U.S. agency notes. These investments are classified as available-for-sale securities and are carried at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of stockholders' equity. Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of purchase and reevaluates the available-for-sale designations as of each balance sheet date. The Company classifies its investments as either short-term or long-term based on each instrument's underlying contractual maturity date. Investments with maturities of less than 12 months are classified as short-term and those with maturities greater than 12 months are classified as long-term. The cost of investments sold is based upon the specific identification method. |
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| Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts |
Accounts receivable are recorded net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company's allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon historical loss patterns, the number of days that billings are past due and an evaluation of the potential risk of loss associated with delinquent accounts. The Company also considers any changes to the financial condition of its customers and any other external market factors that could impact the collectability of its receivables in the determination of its allowance for doubtful accounts. |
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| Property and Equipment |
Property and equipment is recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
Property and equipment is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If property and equipment are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized equals the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair market value. |
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| Internal Use Software and Website Development Costs |
Costs incurred to develop software for internal use are required to be capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset if certain criteria are met. Costs related to design or maintenance of internal-use software are expensed as incurred. The Company evaluates the costs incurred during the application development stage of website development to determine whether the costs meet the criteria for capitalization. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation activities are expensed as incurred. As of January 31, 2012 and 2013, the Company had incurred and capitalized approximately $100,000 and $1.1 million respectively, related to internal use software and website development costs which are being amortized over their three-year estimated useful lives. Internal use software and website development costs are included in property and equipment. |
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| Preferred Stock Warrant |
Prior to the Company's IPO, warrants to purchase the Company's redeemable convertible preferred stock were classified as liabilities on the Company's balance sheet. The Company measured these warrants at fair value at each balance sheet date and any changes in fair value were recognized as a component of other income (expense) in the Company's statements of operations. The Company's preferred stock warrants were categorized as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy because the fair value was estimated using an option valuation model, which included the estimated fair value of the underlying preferred stock at the valuation measurement date, the remaining contractual term of the warrant, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividends on, and expected volatility of the price of the underlying preferred stock. These assumptions are inherently subjective and involve significant management judgment. The Company performed the final remeasurement of the warrants at the fair value at the closing date of the Company's IPO on June 20, 2011 because the preferred stock warrants were either exercised or converted to common stock warrants on that date. The Company recorded losses of approximately $0.9 million and $4.5 million arising from the revaluation of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2011 and 2012. |
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| Stock-Based Compensation |
Stock-based payments made to employees, including grants of employee stock options and restricted stock units, are recognized in the statements of operations based on their fair values. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation for awards granted that are expected to vest, on a straight-line basis using the single-option attribution method over the service period of the award, which is generally four years. Because stock-based compensation expenses recognized in the statements of operations are based on awards ultimately expected to vest, they have been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are required to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The forfeiture rates used for valuing stock-based compensation payments were estimated based on historical experience. The Company generally estimates the fair value of employee stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The determination of the fair value of a stock-based award is affected by the deemed fair value of the underlying stock price on the grant date, as well as other assumptions including the risk-free interest rate, the estimated volatility of the Company's stock price over the term of the award, the estimated period of time that the Company expects employees to hold their stock options and the expected dividend rate. The Company has elected to use the "with and without" approach as described in Accounting Standards Codification 740 Tax Provisions in determining the order in which tax attributes are utilized. As a result, the Company will only recognize a tax benefit from stock-based awards in additional paid-in capital if an incremental tax benefit is realized after all other tax attributes currently available to the Company have been utilized. In addition, the Company has elected to account for the indirect effects of stock-based awards on other tax attributes, such as the research tax credit, through the statement of operations. |
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| Cost of Revenue - Content Acquisition Costs |
Cost of revenue—content acquisition costs principally consist of royalties paid for the right to stream music to the Company's listeners. Royalties are most often calculated using negotiated rates documented in master royalty agreements and are based on usage measures or revenue earned or a combination thereof. The performance rights organizations to which royalties are paid have the right to audit the Company's playlist and payment records. The Company may also recognize content acquisition costs based on estimated rates during periods of contract negotiation with performance rights organizations. |
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| Cost of Revenue - Other |
Cost of revenue—other consists of the infrastructure costs related to content streaming, maintaining the Company's service and creating and serving advertisements through third party ad serving technology providers, including the employee costs associated with supporting these functions. The Company makes payments to third-party ad servers for the period the advertising impressions or click-through actions are delivered or occur, and accordingly, the Company records this as a cost of revenue in the related period. |
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| Product Development |
The Company incurs product development expenses consisting of employee compensation, information technology, consulting, facilities-related expenses and costs associated with supporting consumer connected-device manufacturers in implementing its service in their products. The Company incurs product development expenses primarily for improvements to its website, the Pandora app, development of new advertising products and development and enhancement of the Music Genome Project and infrastructure costs such as facility and other overhead costs. The Company generally expenses product development costs as incurred, but has capitalized certain costs related to internal use software and website development costs. (See "Internal Use Software and Website Development Costs.") |
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| Marketing and Sales |
Marketing and sales expenses consist of employee and employee-related costs including salaries, commissions and benefits related to employees in sales, marketing and advertising departments. In addition, marketing and sales expenses include external sales and marketing expenses such as third-party marketing, branding, advertising and public relations expenses, transactional subscription processing fees on mobile platforms, and infrastructure costs such as facility and other supporting overhead costs. Advertising expenses are expensed as incurred. Total advertising expenses incurred were $3.0 million, $6.9 million and $ 7.6 million for the years ended January 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. |
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| General and Administrative |
General and administrative expenses include employee and employee-related costs consisting of salaries and benefits for finance, accounting, legal, internal information technology and other administrative personnel. In addition, general and administrative expenses include professional services costs for outside legal and accounting services, and infrastructure costs for facility, supporting overhead costs and merchant and other transaction costs, such as credit card fees. |
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| Income Taxes |
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or in the Company's tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized for differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company evaluates the realizability of deferred tax assets and valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. The Company recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. The Company will recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the income tax provision in the accompanying statement of operations. The Company calculates the current and deferred income tax provision based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed in subsequent years. Adjustments based on filed income tax returns are recorded when identified. The amount of income taxes paid is subject to examination by U.S. federal, state and international tax authorities. The estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is subject to management's assessment of relevant risks, facts and circumstances existing at that time. To the extent that the assessment of such tax positions change, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made. |
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| Net Loss Per Share |
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including stock options, convertible preferred stock warrants, restricted stock units and redeemable convertible preferred stock, to the extent dilutive. Basic and diluted net loss per share was the same for each period presented as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive. |
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| Recently Issued Accounting Standards |
Effective February 1, 2012, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2011-04, "Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS")." The ASU updates the accounting guidance to clarify and align Fair Value Measurement within U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. In addition, the ASU updates certain requirements for measuring fair value and for disclosure around fair value measurement. It does not require additional fair value measurements and the ASU was not intended to establish valuation standards or affect valuation practices outside of financial reporting. The adoption of ASU 2011-04 did not have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated balance sheets or statements of operations. Effective February 1, 2012, the Company adopted ASU No. 2011-05, "Presentation of Comprehensive Income." The adoption of ASU 2011-05 concerns presentation and disclosure only and did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated balance sheets or results of operations. ASU 2011-05 requires retrospective application and separate consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) are included in these financial statements. Effective February 1, 2012, the Company adopted ASU No. 2011-12, "Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments to the Presentation of Reclassification of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05." The adoption of ASU 2011-12 concerns presentation and disclosure only and did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or results of operations. |