Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Income Taxes

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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
We file a consolidated federal income tax return for all of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Sirius XM.  For the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, income tax expense was $108,901 and $111,556, respectively, and $342,387 and $326,108 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was 28.3% and 36.5%, respectively. Our effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was 33.3% and 37.6%, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was impacted by the recognition of excess tax benefits related to stock compensation and a benefit related to a federal tax credit under the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 for research and development activities. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 was impacted by the recognition of tax shortfalls related to stock compensation. Our adjusted effective tax rate for the year ending December 31, 2017 is anticipated to be approximately 34%.
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had a valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets of $44,828 and $47,682, respectively, that were not likely to be realized due to certain net operating loss limitations and acquired net operating losses that were not more likely than not going to be utilized.